Hepatitis B vaccination - everything you need to know about vaccination. Hepatitis vaccine in adults Is hepatitis vaccine dangerous?

Hepatitis is a viral inflammation of the liver. The transition of the disease to the chronic phase threatens a person with renal failure or even cirrhosis. Hepatitis has 3 subspecies - A, B, C.

And if A does not act so destructively, then B and C are very dangerous for the liver. Vaccination against hepatitis B is an indispensable tool in the fight against one of the most dangerous infectious diseases today.

Due to the increased likelihood of infection, babies are vaccinated on the first day of their life. But, unfortunately, the immune system, fighting the virus, is gradually weakening. Therefore, scheduled revaccinations are carried out.

When is the hepatitis B vaccination given?

This is the first vaccination in the life of a newborn. Then, within a month, a second vaccination is carried out, and the third - six months later. But for babies at risk, the schedule looks like this: the first vaccination according to the schedule, the second - after one month, the third - after two months (from the beginning of immunovaccination), the fourth - in a year.

One of the distinguishing features of hepatitis B is the lack of age limits for its use..

Vaccinated, who are on hemodialysis (a special method of blood purification), the vaccine is administered in double doses four times. This is due to the fact that the antibodies from the injected drug lose their strength due to the peculiarities of the procedure.

Such patients are prescribed frequent revaccinations (usually no more than three) in order to obtain a response from the immune system (or to recognize the body as immune to the drug).

Separately, emergency vaccination against hepatitis B is isolated. It can be carried out, for example, when going abroad soon. The vaccination schedule in this case looks like this: the first day, the seventh day and the twenty-first day. In addition, a separate revaccination is prescribed a year later.

It must be remembered that only the attending physician can draw up the optimal hepatitis B vaccination schedule. After all, it is he who is able to take into account all the features of the body of the vaccinator.

Do you need to be vaccinated or not?

Viral hepatitis can be attributed to the most unpredictable infectious diseases. First, it affects the liver, then it passes to the skin, blood vessels and the digestive system, ending with the nervous system.

Viral hepatitis B is a disease that can be fatal

More than 770,000 people die each year from hepatitis B disorders. That is why vaccination is an extremely important tool for prevention.

This explains the obligation to immunize children. But adults can also, if desired, vaccinate against hepatitis.

In particular, vaccination is indicated for those who are at risk:

persons who have contact with the virus carrier;
and students of the medical field;
oncohematological patients;
previously unvaccinated individuals who have been exposed to hepatitis B;
and those for whom blood transfusions are indicated on an ongoing basis.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the importance of vaccination against hepatitis B for schoolchildren. According to the current legislation of the Russian Federation, a person entering a school institution must receive a number of preventive vaccinations without fail. These include the anti-hepatitis vaccine.

In addition, schoolchildren are vaccinated against hepatitis B at the age of thirteen. here only heavy on baker's yeast (plus all products including them) can serve.

Vaccination is possible only on a voluntary basis. But in no case should the importance of its implementation be neglected.

Does the vaccine protect against a viral disease?

Any modern means for the prevention of hepatitis B infection are due to innovative research in genetic engineering. Such vaccines are almost entirely (90-95%) produced from the antigen and only 5-10% from other components.

The sole purpose of the existence of such drugs is to prevent the protection of the human body from a viral disease called hepatitis B. And it is worth noting that they cope with their function quite well.

In 2001, WHO formulated a challenge for the health authorities of all world states: to find a way to manage the spread of this serious infection through organized immunization and updating the vaccination calendar.

Over the past 30 years, 7 of the most effective hepatitis B vaccines have been developed. Each of them is based on an envelope protein known as HBsAg.

To date, the vaccine is being actively improved and vaccinated in 180 states.

The composition of vaccination preparations

Hepatitis vaccines used in the Russian Federation deserve closer attention. Today there are six varieties of the drug. They are produced by different companies, but all are created by modifying the cells of the yeast organism.

All vaccines have a fairly similar composition:

traces of yeast proteins;
adjuvant (immune enhancer) in the form of aluminum hydroxide;
envelope protein of the virus (namely HBsAg). He is the antibody, the main component of the drug;
preservative thiomersal.

However, not all vaccines contain preservatives.

Hepatitis B drugs registered in Russia include:

H-V-VAX II. Produced in . It is a recombinant agent;
Sci-B-Vac. Manufacturer - Israel;
Angerix-V. British development;
Recombinant yeast vaccine. Produced in Russia by Combiotech and Microgen;
Eberbiovak. Producer - Cuba.

Names of imported and Russian hepatitis B vaccines: which one is better to choose

Many people cannot decide when choosing a hepatitis B vaccine. It is worth considering the pros and cons of each.

First, we will talk about Russian vaccinations, since vaccination in state clinics (and maternity hospitals) is carried out by domestic means. These drugs are budgetary and supplied by the state.

Vaccine Regevak B

The largest and most famous Russian manufacturers of vaccines can be called Combiotech with Binnopharm, and the vaccines themselves include:

Bubo-M;
Regevak;
Combiotech;
and etc.

But if you wish, you can use foreign-made drugs. In this case, immunovaccination should be done in private clinics.

The range of foreign drugs for the prevention of hepatitis B is wider:

H-B-VAX II and Sci-B-Vac (described above);
Shanwak-V, manufactured in India;
. Belgian production;
Euwax B from South Korea;
Eberbiowak NV. Manufacturer - Cuba;
Engerix from Belgium.

But which ones to choose? There is no definite answer here.

Both domestic and imported vaccines form a fairly stable immunity to the hepatitis virus. However, there is still a difference. Foreign vaccines are more convenient and quick to administer and have individual containers.

In addition, they rarely cause undesirable manifestations: an increase in the temperature of the vaccinator, a decrease in appetite, swelling and redness of the vaccination site.

Do I need to be tested before immunization?

All vaccination procedures require pre-tested tests and immunization against hepatitis B is no exception. It requires:

HBsAg blood test;
analysis for antibodies to HBsAg and HBcAg.

More detailed information about the procedure for taking tests can be given by the attending physician. The list of necessary studies in different clinics may vary slightly. However, there are a number of general rules that should be followed by those who decide to go for immunization.

First of all, vaccinations should be planned in advance. The upcoming need for vaccination is reported a few days before the procedure. In order not to experience the full severity of side effects, it is better to get vaccinated before the weekend.

Then the body will not experience additional stress and will be able to fully focus on the formation of immunity. Do not plan outdoor activities with friends after vaccination. It is also not recommended to once again visit crowded places.

It is best to work with your doctor to find the right hepatitis B immunization schedule for you. He will tell you about all the nuances and give the most useful advice.

Instructions for the use of vaccines

Like any other vaccine, the hepatitis B vaccine has its own rules for use, which must be followed.

injection site

The drug is administered intramuscularly. However, vaccination sites for adults and children are different. If the first vaccination is carried out in the deltoid muscle on the shoulder, then the second (up to three years of age) injection is placed in the thigh area.

The fact is that in a child the muscles of this area are already quite developed. Other places are not suitable for injection.

The subcutaneous method is unacceptable, it not only dramatically reduces the effectiveness of the vaccine, but also threatens to form a seal, which can take a very long time to resolve. An injection in the buttock is also prohibited. This is fraught with inflammation at the injection site and the danger of the needle entering the sciatic nerve.

Fortunately, modern vaccines are constantly being improved and rarely cause serious side effects.

Dosage for children and adults

There is a fairly wide range of vaccines to fight hepatitis B. And each of them has its own dosage. However, their volume input is quite similar.

For example, a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine has the following characteristics:

one-time vaccination for people under 19 years of age - half a milliliter (equivalent to 10 micrograms of HBsAg);
for those over 19, one milliliter (i.e. 20 micrograms of HBsAg).

Interval between vaccinations

The intervals between vaccines are declared by the National Immunization Schedule. According to him, it is permissible to administer vaccines during the day to different parts of the body and with different syringes (the rule does not apply to jaundice).

And if the hepatitis B vaccine was not delivered along with others, then it can be carried out on any day after the previous vaccination. This rule is followed in maternity hospitals.

The interval for administering vaccines here is only a few days. For other vaccinations designed for separate use, the break is usually at least a month.

Population not subject to vaccination

There are cases when a person is not allowed to get vaccinated against hepatitis B. For example:

intolerance to the components of the drug;
if there is a reaction to a previously delivered vaccination;
with exacerbation of chronic diseases and infections (the procedure is postponed until recovery);

With extreme caution, the vaccine is administered to people suffering from autoimmune diseases.

Side effects and complications

In most cases, adults tolerate the hepatitis B vaccine normally.

In some people, due to the characteristics of the organism, various complications may occur:

pain at the injection site, in the joints, muscle area and in the abdomen;
nausea, general weakness;
skin itching, urticaria. Edema is possible;
swollen lymph nodes;
fainting, shortness of breath and many others.

But if such symptoms are not very pronounced and disappear after a few hours, then there is no particular cause for concern. However, a doctor's consultation and a warning to the medical staff conducting the vaccination will not hurt here.

How to issue a waiver?

If a decision is made not to be vaccinated, a waiver should be issued. How to do it? If an adult vaccinant received an invitation from the clinic, you can simply ignore it and not appear at the appointed time. There will be no punishment for this.

You can write a refusal in the hospital. It is not too late to do both before childbirth and after. The refusal is written on the form that the nurse will give you, the filling form is free.

The paper is then glued to the card. Be sure to notify the maternity hospital neonatologist of your decision. At school or in a kindergarten, the refusal is written personally to the director and the nurse is necessarily notified.

Refusal of vaccinations fill in 2 copies. One will go to the signature of the head of the relevant institution, where he remains, and the second will be in your hands. Make sure that the refusal contains the incoming number and data of the person registering your document.

Price and reviews

In our country (according to the law), children and adults (up to 55 years old) are provided with a free hepatitis vaccination course. Immunization is carried out in the clinic at the place of residence.

Vaccine Engerix B

If a person does not fall under the free procedure, then vaccination can be done in private clinics. The price of the entire course will be 1000-1300 rubles.

If you decide to buy the drug yourself, then the prices for the vaccine (for 1 ampoule) are as follows:

Biovac- 155-220 rubles;
Regevak- 150-270 rubles;
Angerix- 200-320 rubles.

Each baby may have a different reaction to the hepatitis vaccine, which is important to notice in time and consult a doctor in order to avoid complications. In an adult and a baby, preventive vaccination is performed in the shoulder, so after it a small red mark often remains at the injection site, which soon disappears on its own. Generally, a liver disease vaccine given to a baby at 1 month or later is well tolerated. In isolated cases, the first or second vaccination against hepatitis can cause an allergic reaction, signs of neuropathy, paralysis and other negative reactions that worsen the patient's well-being.

If there are side effects, while the patient was not provided with medical assistance in a timely manner, then the death of a person is possible.

Why is vaccination needed and is it mandatory?

Children are vaccinated against hepatitis at an early age, when they are not yet a year old. Doctors strongly recommend vaccinating infants because the disease is common and causes severe liver damage that is difficult to treat. Pathogenic microorganisms that provoke the development of hepatitis are found in any human biological fluid - saliva, blood, semen, vaginal secretions, mother's milk, urine, which makes it easy to get infected. Despite the side effects that rarely occur after vaccination, the risks of getting sick after the vaccination are significantly reduced. It is possible to become infected with the hepatitis virus in the following ways:

when visiting dental offices and performing manipulations with poorly processed instruments;
manicure / pedicure without hygiene standards;
from mother to fetus during childbirth or lactation;
when in contact with a person suffering from hepatitis;
during intercourse;
while kissing.

Vaccination immediately after birth will protect the baby for a long time.

The importance of vaccination lies in the fact that with the development of pathology, a vital human organ, the liver, is significantly damaged. If you follow all medical prescriptions, do not wet the place of vaccination for a certain time, then the person does not have a temperature after vaccination against hepatitis and no other adverse reactions occur. The vaccine is optional, therefore it is given to a newborn in the first hours of life at the request of the parents. If the latter are against or fear side effects, then a refusal is required. In this case, you can get vaccinated later. It is strongly recommended to vaccinate patients who are at risk, as well as those whose relatives suffered from hepatitis B.

Schedule

In a child of the first days of life, the body is very weakened and unstable to many viruses and bacteria, therefore it is recommended to be vaccinated, including against liver disease. The first hepatitis B vaccine is given on the first day. In the future, adhere to the standard or accelerated technique for performing vaccinations. The latter scheme is required if the woman carrying the baby suffered from acute symptoms of hepatitis B in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. It is not worth vaccinating against liver disease for the first time if the newborn weighs less than 2 kilograms, as adverse reactions may occur. The table below shows the vaccination schedule for hepatitis B.

What are the contraindications?

At the stage of exacerbation of chronic diseases, vaccination is contraindicated.

Adverse reactions, poor health and complications may occur if the indications for the administration of the drug are not observed. There are such contraindications for vaccination against hepatitis B:

an allergic reaction with a severe manifestation after a previously administered dose of the vaccine;
individual intolerance or hypersensitivity to vaccination substances;
disease with an acute course;
exacerbated manifestation of chronic pathology;
impaired function of the nervous system, which include hydrocephalus, epileptic seizures;
premature babies who weigh less than 2 kilograms.

Negative reactions

At first, the baby’s hand hurts and other unpleasant manifestations that are temporary can be observed. On the first day, it is worth especially monitoring the patient's condition in order to notice complications after vaccination in time and prevent their progression. It is extremely rare for hepatitis B vaccination to cause side effects. More common are local or general reactions in the body of a child, which are an acceptable norm.

Temporary side effects

The body reacts to the virus by raising body temperature.

Such symptoms are the response of the body to the administration of the drug. Often, the baby has enlarged lymph nodes located nearby at the injection site. Also, a temporary side effect is the redness of the skin in the injection area, associated with an inflammatory reaction that helps the body produce the maximum amount of antibodies. In this case, the patient may be disturbed by soreness in the arm for some time. After vaccination, the temperature may rise no more than 37.5 degrees, which can not be knocked down or give the child an antipyretic. If you wet the place where the vaccination was performed, then side effects may also appear.

We are concluding our discussion of issues related to vaccination against hepatitis B and some of the nuances of this procedure, the features of the introduction of the vaccine and possible side effects and complications from it. We have talked about infant vaccination schedules, it is time to discuss other possible vaccination options, including for adults.

How are teens and adults vaccinated?

An adult can be vaccinated at any time, at his own request or according to indications, including the conditioned nature of the work. In this case, the standard vaccination scheme in the form of "zero-one-six months" is used. The first vaccination is given on the day of treatment, the second one a month after the first vaccination, the second - one month after the first, and the third - six months after the first vaccination. If you have started immunization against hepatitis B, you must carry out all three vaccinations (three injections), otherwise immunity to hepatitis B will simply not form effectively and the person will simply be under-vaccinated or the vaccination will not be counted at all. That's why, .

Available contraindications

Vaccination against hepatitis B will be prohibited only for those people who will have allergic reactions to baker's yeast. These are reactions that occur when taking all yeast bread and confectionery products, beer or kvass, products with yeast. If there is no allergy to yeast, but there were severe allergic reactions during the previous administration of the vaccine, then the next doses of the vaccine are no longer administered according to the medical tap. The presence of allergic reactions to other substances and antigens, the presence of the so-called "diathesis" and skin allergies are not in themselves contraindications for vaccination, but in order to conduct a course of vaccinations, a consultation with an allergist is necessary and the selection of an adequate time for vaccinations without exacerbation or, if necessary, they administration, under the guise of drugs.

You should definitely refuse vaccinations during periods of development of acute colds or any other acute infectious diseases, until their full recovery. Then you need to wait another two weeks and only then vaccinate. After suffering meningitis or other severe lesions of the nervous system, the medical withdrawal from vaccinations is imposed for a period of six months. In the presence of severe somatic diseases, the time of vaccination is selected individually in the stage of stable remission, since the pathology of internal organs or systems does not apply to contraindications to vaccination if they are not at the stage of exacerbation of the process. Also, the detection of hepatitis B viruses in the patient's blood is not a contraindication to vaccination, just vaccination in this case will be meaningless and useless. It is important to remember that the drug is administered very carefully and only under close medical supervision to those children who have systemic autoimmune diseases in the form of multiple sclerosis or systemic lupus erythematosus. The question in such cases is solved individually with the immunologist.

Possible reactions to vaccinations

Hepatitis B vaccination is one of the relatively easily tolerated vaccines. Basically, the introduction of the vaccine causes responses in the area of the injection of the drug, as a reaction to the injection itself and tissue damage, as well as a reaction to the injected substance. At the injection site, there may be slight redness or a small red nodule, discomfort in the area of the injected drug when carrying out intense or fast movements with the limb, when the muscle contracts. Such reactions are usually caused by the presence in the vaccine of such a substance as aluminum hydroxide, this is given by about 10-20% of people, including children. This is quite normal and goes away on its own without any outside intervention and forms immune responses.

When the hepatitis B vaccine is administered, up to about 5% of children and adults may have similar reactions to its administration, such as increased body temperature (usually up to 37.5 degrees, not higher), the development of general malaise and mild weakness, the development of loose stools or sweating, headache pain, redness, or mild itching of the skin. Almost all possible reactions to vaccinations can form within about the first day or two after the administration of the drug, and then the reactions pass on their own, without outside intervention, for two days. In rare, isolated cases, more severe reactions to vaccinations may occur, which will be attributed to complications of vaccination. This may be the development of urticaria or a severe rash, pain in the muscles or joints, the development of erythema nodosum. To date, vaccines are so effective that they allow vaccination with a reduced dosage of the vaccine and the almost complete exclusion of preservatives, which can significantly reduce the risks of adverse reactions and allergic manifestations. Modern hepatitis B vaccines are much safer than previously used ones, although side effects and contraindications still need to be taken into account.

Complications of vaccination

Despite all the precautions and taking into account all possible contraindications, it is always worth talking about the possible complications of vaccination. Although they have a low probability, they can still be in children or adults. The complications of this particular vaccination include such conditions as the development of anaphylactic shock and the development of severe urticaria, the occurrence of a rash on the skin, exacerbation of allergy processes to yeast preparations and substances. Such complications are unforeseen - an allergy can occur to any drug, while their frequency varies within one case per 300 thousand vaccinated, these are very rare complications. That is why it is always said that the next 30 minutes after vaccination, you need to strictly monitor the condition of the vaccinated and monitor his well-being.

One of the opinions that has been heard about the hepatitis B vaccine is that its use provokes or increases the risk of developing a pathology such as multiple sclerosis, a progressive lesion of the nervous tissue. However, global studies by WHO specialists, conducted in more than fifty countries around the world, did not show such a relationship between hepatitis B vaccinations and multiple sclerosis. This inoculation in general can not have any fusions on any of the neurological diseases, it can neither intensify them, nor provoke, nor develop them.

Development of local compaction from vaccination

Usually, seals from this vaccination occur when it is introduced into the buttock, where there is a lot of adipose tissue and the drug enters not into the muscle, but into other tissues. At the same time, the drug with its carrier, aluminum hydroxide, will be stored in reserve for a long time, reliably fixing in the base. Such vaccine injections are felt with dense nodules and tubercles, which resolve very slowly and for a long time. This is explained by low blood supply in the area of adipose tissues and slow leaching of the drug from the cells, and the presence of aluminum hydroxide itself supports the presence of an inflammatory tissue reaction. And therefore, the seal will hold until the complete resorption of the drug and its departure into the blood. You should not worry about the inflammatory process in the injection area, this is a normal reaction of the body to the introduction of a foreign substance, and the reaction is aseptic (not purulent), which enhances the absorption of the drug into the blood. Gradually, the vaccine and its base are absorbed into the blood and excreted, which also reduces the local process. However, with this introduction of the vaccine, immunity may be weakened and defective, since the vaccination technique is impaired.

Temperature reactions to vaccination

If the hepatitis B vaccine is administered, the temperature usually rises within the first few hours of administration, within eight hours of the injection. This is due to the formation of an immune response to the introduction of foreign viral particles. Typically, this temperature is low and does not require any measures to reduce it, it passes on its own within two to three days. If the temperature rises above 38.5 degrees, you should consult a doctor to exclude the onset of the disease against the background of vaccination. In other cases, the temperature does not need to be brought down and any therapeutic measures should be taken. Usually, one person in twenty has a fever, and it is insignificant. Often, the development of fever is also significantly influenced by the external environment and the stress factor from visiting the clinic and the injection itself, especially in children.

After vaccination, the observation lasts three days, at this time, if there is no temperature, you can walk and swim as usual, but do not introduce new products into your diet and do not change the situation, do not travel outside the city. The vaccination site can be wetted, it does not require any care methods.

Currently, hepatitis is a rather dangerous and widespread disease that affects a large number of people around the world. The causative agents of hepatitis are viruses that cause diseases of various types, differing in the complexity of treatment and diagnosis. The most common types of hepatitis:

Hepatitis B- is the most dangerous. Not only is it extremely difficult to treat, it also causes a range of life-threatening complications. The most common of these include liver failure, cirrhosis, and cancer.
Hepatitis A- Easiest to treat. The virus is transmitted through dirty hands.
Hepatitis C- transmitted through blood through sexual contact, through untreated manicure tools or through transfusion of infected blood;
Hepatitis D- the main feature of the virus is that it cannot develop on its own and is diagnosed in patients against the background of the development of hepatitis B.

The most effective way to combat all types of hepatitis is timely vaccination. Hepatitis vaccination for adults and children is given after consultation with a specialist.

In this article, you will learn about the rules for vaccination against hepatitis, find out whether it is possible to wet the injection site, where the vaccine is given, and why in some cases the procedure cannot be carried out.

What is important to know about hepatitis vaccination

The hepatitis virus can affect both adults and children. Contact with the blood, urine, saliva or seminal fluid of the carrier is sufficient for infection.

It should be noted that the duration of virus activity on things and objects can last up to 15 days. This means that you can get infected quite by accident, not knowing that the infected person used the items.

That is why it is necessary to vaccinate not only young children, but also adults. If the hepatitis vaccine was not administered at the maternity hospital, you can be vaccinated and develop artificial immunity until the age of 55. To avoid the diagnosis of hepatitis, vaccinations must be given according to graphics.

The introduction of the vaccine is a safe and effective procedure. The active element of the vaccine is a viral protein that activates the immune system, but in no case can become a source of the disease.

The administered drug is recombinant: the used genetic structure of the virus is developed artificially using genetic engineering methods. The most popular vaccines today are:

Euwax B;
Biovac;
Shanvak;
Serum Institute;
Eberbiovak, etc.

In addition to those listed, combined preparations such as bubo-kok and the like can be used. Currently, there are many names of vaccines.

The hepatitis vaccine is given in the muscle. This is usually the outer thigh or upper arm, but not the buttocks.

The vaccine administered subcutaneously is considered ineffective and requires repeated administration of the agent.

The most commonly vaccinated against hepatitis B and A. Vaccination against hepatitis C does not exist, as this virus is constantly mutating. In this regard, the available vaccines are ineffective against it and cannot contribute to the development of immunity.

employees of medical institutions;
food workers;
employees of children's educational institutions and kindergartens;
military personnel;
people with chronic or congenital liver disease;
people who abuse alcohol;
drug addicts;
people with weakened immune systems;
residents of large cities;
plumbing workers;
persons who were in contact with patients diagnosed with hepatitis A.

How to properly vaccinate

As noted above, the virus is vaccinated intramuscularly. The dosage of the drug is one milliliter.

For children under the age of three, the injection is given only in the thigh.
Starting at age three and older, the hepatitis vaccine is given in the forearm muscle.
In the event that the patient has blood diseases that may result in bleeding, the injection is given subcutaneously.
The injection is given several times at regular intervals, so it is extremely important to know what date you should come to the next appointment.

In chronic diseases in the acute stage, the vaccination is postponed for some time.

The injection is not placed in the buttock, as there are too many nerve endings in this place that can be damaged. If the vaccination was carried out in the gluteal muscle, this indicates the inexperience of the doctor.

Preparation for vaccination and rules of conduct after vaccination

First of all, you need to understand that you should think about vaccination in advance. It is best to contact your doctor a few days before the procedure and consult with him on this issue. After that, you need to visit a therapist and make sure that there are no contraindications.

Since in some cases the temperature may rise after vaccination, it is best to carry out the procedure before the weekend. Immediately after the introduction of the vaccine, remain under the supervision of a specialist for another 30-40 minutes.

After you return home, the following rules must be observed:

Avoid visiting places with large crowds of people. Also, for several days after the procedure, refrain from outdoor activities;
During the day, do not wet the injection site;
Avoid heavy stress on the body.

The vaccination schedule should be developed in advance with your doctor. It is also necessary to discuss the choice of drug and its change in case of complications.

Find out in advance how many times the vaccine is given, what the name of the drug is, and whether it is possible to walk in the fresh air after the procedure.

What to do if you miss your second hepatitis shot

A month after the first vaccination, a second vaccination is necessary. This will create a full immunity to the virus. If revaccination was not carried out during this period of time, this can be done later, but no later than 4 months after the first vaccination. In this case, immunity will be weaker.

If in 4 months the patient does not deliver the second vaccination, it is canceled. The third vaccination is given six months after the first. If immunity is weak, then the doctor may raise the issue of additional vaccination.

Vaccination of pregnant and lactating women

The exception is those cases when there are people with this diagnosis in the environment of the expectant mother.

In the case of breastfeeding women, the decision to vaccinate should be made by the attending physician. The fact is that some experts do not consider lactation a contraindication, while others are categorically against vaccinations at this time.

The reaction of the body to the introduction of the vaccine

In the case of the hepatitis A vaccine, adults may experience the following symptoms:

weakness;
disorders of the digestive tract (diarrhea, vomiting);
the appearance of a seal at the injection site;
chills;
headache;
allergic reactions in the form of urticaria;
drop in blood pressure;
breathing problems;
increase in body temperature;
bronchospasm.

When vaccinated against hepatitis B, patients may experience the following symptoms:

the appearance of seals and inflammation at the injection site;
scar formation;
general malaise, accompanied by fever and lethargy.

The response to a hepatitis vaccine depends largely on the individual characteristics of the body. Usually, all side effects disappear within a short time.

If you are concerned about the reaction of the body, seek emergency medical attention immediately.

Possible complications after vaccination

Hepatitis A vaccination rarely causes side effects. In most cases, the consequences are associated either with individual intolerance, or with the fact that the patient drank alcohol the day before. It is worth noting that drinking after vaccination is also not recommended. Usually, all side effects pass by themselves quickly enough.

Side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine may look like this:

the development of pain in the abdomen and muscles, especially in the injection area;
nausea, vomiting;
diarrhea;
the appearance of a rash;
burning sensation in the injection area;
development of allergic reactions (in rare cases, Quincke's edema);
difficulty breathing, choking and loss of consciousness;
a drop in the number of platelets;
swollen lymph nodes;
convulsions;
respiratory paralysis;
meningitis.

In all the cases described, consultation with a specialist is required, especially if the child was vaccinated. The appearance of at least one pronounced side effect is a contraindication for further vaccination.

Temperature rise

An increase in temperature to 38 degrees indicates that the body is fighting the pathogen, intensively producing antibodies. If the temperature exceeds this mark or the fever does not subside for a long time, seek medical help immediately.

Hepatitis B is a severe pathology that provokes the development of cancer, cirrhosis of the liver. The disease is especially severe in children (often it ends in death). In most children, hepatitis becomes chronic and causes inconvenience throughout life. Immunization is carried out to prevent infection. Many people have a reaction to, which can be the norm or a complication.

Normal reaction to hepatitis vaccine in newborns at 1 month

The first is placed in the first 24 hours after the birth of the baby.

Caring parents are always worried about the health of their child and, if unpleasant symptoms appear after vaccination, they rush to see a pediatrician.

But any vaccine is capable of provoking a certain reaction, which is considered the norm.

So, in sensitive babies, such changes in the state are permissible:

redness in the injection area;
pain at the injection site;
whims, crying.

The temperature has risen

Such a reaction to the vaccine is observed in 5% of children. The temperature usually rises 6-7 hours after immunization. As a rule, the thermometer shows no higher than 37.5 degrees.

In more sensitive individuals, the temperature may rise to 38.5.

Hyperthermia is easily controlled by antipyretic drugs.

Medicines are used only with high thermometer readings. Normally, hyperthermia resolves on its own after 2-3 days.

The increase in temperature is explained by the body's response to the penetration of foreign bodies, the beginning of the formation of specific immunity.

There is redness at the injection site

The injection site may turn red due to an allergy to aluminum hydroxide, which is present in the vaccine. This reaction occurs in 10-20% of cases. Often a similar symptom manifests itself after moisture has entered the injection zone. Redness and slight swelling are absolutely safe and go away on their own.

Arm hurts at injection site

After placing an injection in the arm, a slight pain may be felt, which increases with pressure.

This phenomenon is considered to be an acceptable consequence of the specific reaction of soft tissues to the administered drug.

Warm or cool the injection site, treat it with ointments is prohibited. Parents should protect the injection area from injury, choose safe games and positions for the child, and avoid wearing synthetic and tight clothing.

When the pain syndrome increases, you should try to distract the baby. As a rule, discomfort passes after a few days without treatment.

Recently, children under two years of age have been injected into the thigh, and older persons and adults - into the arm (in the shoulder area). These places are considered the most suitable.

The child is naughty and crying

After vaccination against hepatitis B, babies sometimes become capricious, constantly cry, and their sleep is disturbed. This occurs within the first days after vaccination and may persist for several days. The restless behavior of the child is explained by a headache against the background of an increase in temperature. The condition normalizes on its own after a short time.

Severe complications after vaccination in children

In addition to the normal reaction in the form of a short-term fever and soreness at the injection site, the child may experience severe post-vaccination complications. The risk of side effects is higher during immunization in the presence of contraindications, violation of the rules of preparation and technology for performing manipulations.

Children may develop:

anaphylactic shock;
temperature increase up to 40 degrees;
neurological disorders;
myocarditis;
severe joint and muscle pain;
arthritis;
erythema nodosum;
hives.

Some parents worry that the hepatitis B vaccine may cause jaundice or jaundice. These fears are unfounded. The vaccine, on the contrary, strengthens the immune system and reduces the likelihood of these diseases. Therefore, after vaccination, it is not necessary to take drugs for the treatment of the liver.

Vaccine manufacturers are constantly working to improve the composition of hepatitis B drugs, trying to reduce the dose, eliminate preservatives in order to minimize the risk of adverse reactions. If, after a recent immunoprophylaxis, a child has convulsions, severe vomiting, then this may mean the presence of some kind of infectious process that is not associated with vaccination.

Side effects occur with a frequency of 1 time per 100 thousand cases.

Side effects of the hepatitis vaccine in adults

The body of adults is stronger than that of children, so side effects after vaccination develop less frequently. Most often, local reactions are observed in the form of redness, irritation, swelling in the injection area. A person may experience a feeling of malaise, dizziness, weakness. In this case, it is recommended to take an antihistamine. It is also helpful to strengthen the immune system.

Severe adverse reactions include:

severe allergic manifestations (anaphylaxis, swelling);
muscle pain;
peripheral neuropathy;
paralysis of the ophthalmic or facial nerve;
myocarditis.

Such complications are extremely rare: in one person out of 200 thousand vaccinated. Therefore, it is not worth refusing to vaccinate. Infectious hepatitis B is much more dangerous than post-vaccination events: it can be fatal.

The following conditions increase the risk of side effects:

AIDS;
tendency to convulsions;
radiation or chemotherapy;
diarrhea;
drinking alcohol the day before or on the day of immunization;
an acute allergic reaction to a previously administered vaccine.

It is believed that the hepatitis B vaccine increases the likelihood of multiple sclerosis. But WHO studies conducted in 50 countries of the world revealed that there is no such relationship and the vaccine does not have a negative impact on the neurological abnormalities that a person has.

How to avoid unwanted consequences after the introduction of the vaccine

Vaccination is a great stress for children and adults. And no one can predict whether or not adverse reactions will occur after the introduction of the hepatitis B drug. There are a number of tips that will help minimize post-vaccination complications. To avoid undesirable consequences from the introduction of the vaccine, you must follow all the doctor's recommendations regarding preparation, undergo the necessary examinations (donate blood and urine for analysis), and properly handle the injection site.

Children and adults should not be vaccinated if they have the following conditions:

heat;
neuritis;
schizophrenia;
meningitis;
insufficient body weight;
hydrocephalus;
general malaise;
the presence of an infectious or viral disease;
multiple sclerosis;
vasculitis;
epilepsy;
hypertension;
intolerance to the components of the vaccine;
chronic pathologies in the acute phase.

Those people who are prone to allergies should take an antihistamine on the day of vaccination, as well as exclude chocolate, citrus fruits, tomatoes, products containing dyes and preservatives from the menu.

Within two days, you can not wet the injection site. If a newborn was immunized, then a nursing mother should not include new foods in her diet, it is advisable to stop walking on the street. Within 7 days it is not necessary to give the baby vitamin D.

The body is weakened. Therefore, it is worth avoiding crowded places so as not to become infected with some kind of infectious viral disease. It is also recommended to avoid physical exertion and emotional upheaval for some time. If earlier a person had adverse reactions to other types of vaccinations, then after immunization against hepatitis B, it is worth spending some time in a medical institution. As a rule, severe post-vaccination complications develop a couple of hours after the administration of the drug.

Thus, hepatitis B is a serious disease that often leads to disability and death. Pathology is especially difficult to treat in childhood. For prevention, immunization is performed. The hepatitis B vaccine is generally well tolerated. But some people experience negative symptoms. A slight increase in temperature, weakness, redness of the injection site are a normal reaction of the body to the administered drug. Very rarely, severe complications develop in the form of glomerulonephritis, anaphylactic shock, myocarditis, etc. Often the cause of side effects is non-compliance with the rules of preparation, manipulation and care of the injection zone.